उपसर्ग – Upsarg

 उपसर्ग – Upsarg (Sanskrit Vyakaran)

उपसर्ग ऐसे शब्दांश हैं, जो किसी शब्द के पूर्व जुड़ कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन कर देते हैं या उसके अर्थ में विशेषता ला देते हैं। 

Prefix (उपसर्ग – Upsarg) is a word that comes before the stem of a word, here a Hindi word. They are used to alter the meaning of a word. Study of prefixes is important as it can help us to determine the meaning of a given word. In Hindi, there are various types of suffixes which include prefixes from Sanskrit (संस्कृत) and Hindi. Prefixes from Sanskrit are very important as most of the Hindi words are words which have been derived from Sanskrit words. Study of these prefixes will not only be helpful for Hindi learning but will also shed light on the linguistic connection between Sanskrit and Hindi.

Prefix / Meaning /           Example /        Words

1) अ (a) / नहीं (nahi – not)  

/अज्ञान (agyan – ignorance), अभाव (abhaav – lack)

2) अति (ati)अधिक (adhik – more, much)

अत्याचार (atyaachar – oppression), अत्यधिक (atyaadhik – very much)

3) स्व (sva)अपना (apna – ours), निजी (nizi – private)

स्वदेश (svaadesh – motherland), स्वतन्त्र (savatantr – self-rule)

4) प्रति (prati) विरोध (virodh – against)

प्रत्येक (pratyek – every), प्रतिकूल (pratikul – opposite)

5) वि (vi)विशेष (vishesh – special), अलग (alag – different), उल्टा (ulta – opposite)

विदेश (videsh – foreign land), विभाग (vibhag – department)

6) स (sa)साथ (sath – with)

सफल (safal – successful), सपरिवार (saparivaar – with family)

7) अव (av)बुरा (bura – bad), नीच (nich – mean)

अवगुण (avgurn – bad attribute), अवनति (avanati – decline)

8) अन (an)नहीं (nahi – not), अभाव (abhaav – scarcity)

अनादर (anaadar – insult), अनुपस्थित (anupasthit – absent)

9) अधि (adhi)उप्पर (uppar – up), समीप (samip – near), बड़ा (bada – big)

अधिकारी (adhikari – officer), अधिनायक (adhinaayak – dictator)

10) अभि (abhi) सामने (samane – in front of), पास (paas – near)

अभियोग (abhiyog – indictment), अभिनेता (Abhineta – Actor)

11) अनु (anu)सामने (samane – in front of), पीछे (piche – behind)

अनुरूप (anurup – analogue), अनुज (anuj – younger brother)

12) अप (ap)बुरा (bura – bad), हीन (hin – deficient, inferior)

अपमान (apmaan – insult), अपकार (apkar – letdown)

13) आ (aa)तक (tak – upto), भर (bhar – upto), पूर्ण (purn – complete)आजीवन (aajeevan – lifelong), आदान (aadan – exchange)

14) उत (ut)ऊँचा (uncha – high), श्रेष्ठ (shristh – best)उत्साह (utsaah – enthusiasm), उत्तम (uttam – superb)

15) उप (up)छोटा (chota – small), समीप (samip – near)उपदेश (updesh – preaching), उपनाम (upnaam – surname)

16) नि (ni)अच्छी तरह (acchi tarah – in a good way)निवास (nivas – residence), निवेदन (nivedan – request)

17) कु (ku)बुरा (bura – bad), नीचता (nichta – meanness)कुकर्म (kukarm – misdeed), कुरूप (kuroop – ugly)

18) दुर (dur)बुरा (bura – bad), कठिन (kathin – difficult)दुर्जन (durjan – villain), दुर्बल (durbal – weak)

19) परि (pari)सब ओर (sab aur – in every direction)परिमाण (parimaan – magnitude), परिवर्तन (parivartan – change)

20) सम (sam)पूर्णता (purnta – completeness), अधिकता (adhikta – excess of), समीपता (samipta – closeness)संपूर्ण (sampurn – overall), संगम (sangam – confluence), संतोष (santosh – satisfaction)

21) प्र (pr)आगे (aage – ahead), अधिक (adhik – more), उप्पर (uppar – above)प्रबल (prabal – prevail), प्रगति (pragati – progress), प्रचार (prachar – promotion)

22) परा (para) उल्टा (ulta – opposite), पीछे (piche – behind)पराक्रम (parakarm – courage), पराजय (parajay – defeat)

23) सु (su) अच्छा (accha – good), सहज (sahaj – innate)सुफल (sufal – successful), सुर्लभ (surlab – accessible)

24) निस (ni)बिना (bina – without)निस्संदेह (nirsandah – Undoubtedly), निश्चय (nishchay – certainty)